Particle cleanup (#13394)

src/client/particles.cpp

@@ -42,19 +42,38 @@ Particle::Particle(
 		LocalPlayer *player,
 		ClientEnvironment *env,
 		const ParticleParameters &p,
-	const ClientTexRef& texture,
+		const ClientParticleTexRef &texture,
 		v2f texpos,
 		v2f texsize,
-	video::SColor color
+		video::SColor color,
+		ParticleSpawner *parent,
+		std::unique_ptr<ClientParticleTexture> owned_texture
 	) :
 		scene::ISceneNode(((Client *)gamedef)->getSceneManager()->getRootSceneNode(),
 				((Client *)gamedef)->getSceneManager()),
-	m_texture(texture)
-{
-	// Misc
-	m_gamedef = gamedef;
-	m_env = env;
 
+		m_expiration(p.expirationtime),
+
+		m_env(env),
+		m_gamedef(gamedef),
+		m_collisionbox(aabb3f(v3f(-p.size / 2.0f), v3f(p.size / 2.0f))),
+		m_texture(texture),
+		m_texpos(texpos),
+		m_texsize(texsize),
+		m_pos(p.pos),
+		m_velocity(p.vel),
+		m_acceleration(p.acc),
+		m_p(p),
+		m_player(player),
+
+		m_base_color(color),
+		m_color(color),
+
+		m_parent(parent),
+		m_owned_texture(std::move(owned_texture))
+{
+	// Set material
+	{
 		// translate blend modes to GL blend functions
 		video::E_BLEND_FACTOR bfsrc, bfdst;
 		video::E_BLEND_OPERATION blendop;
@@ -108,35 +127,9 @@ Particle::Particle(
 				video::EAS_TEXTURE | video::EAS_VERTEX_COLOR);
 		m_material.BlendOperation = blendop;
 		m_material.setTexture(0, m_texture.ref);
-	m_texpos = texpos;
+	}
-	m_texsize = texsize;
-	m_animation = p.animation;
-
-	// Color
-	m_base_color = color;
-	m_color = color;
-
-	// Particle related
-	m_pos = p.pos;
-	m_velocity = p.vel;
-	m_acceleration = p.acc;
-	m_drag = p.drag;
-	m_jitter = p.jitter;
-	m_bounce = p.bounce;
-	m_expiration = p.expirationtime;
-	m_player = player;
-	m_size = p.size;
-	m_collisiondetection = p.collisiondetection;
-	m_collision_removal = p.collision_removal;
-	m_object_collision = p.object_collision;
-	m_vertical = p.vertical;
-	m_glow = p.glow;
-	m_alpha = 0;
-	m_parent = nullptr;
 
 	// Irrlicht stuff
-	const float c = p.size / 2;
-	m_collisionbox = aabb3f(-c, -c, -c, c, c, c);
 	this->setAutomaticCulling(scene::EAC_OFF);
 
 	// Init lighting
@@ -146,14 +139,6 @@ Particle::Particle(
 	updateVertices();
 }
 
-Particle::~Particle()
-{
-	/* if our textures aren't owned by a particlespawner, we need to clean
-	 * them up ourselves when the particle dies */
-	if (m_parent == nullptr)
-		delete m_texture.tex;
-}
-
 void Particle::OnRegisterSceneNode()
 {
 	if (IsVisible)
@@ -180,20 +165,20 @@ void Particle::step(float dtime)
 
 	// apply drag (not handled by collisionMoveSimple) and brownian motion
 	v3f av = vecAbsolute(m_velocity);
-	av -= av * (m_drag * dtime);
+	av -= av * (m_p.drag * dtime);
-	m_velocity = av*vecSign(m_velocity) + v3f(m_jitter.pickWithin())*dtime;
+	m_velocity = av*vecSign(m_velocity) + v3f(m_p.jitter.pickWithin())*dtime;
 
-	if (m_collisiondetection) {
+	if (m_p.collisiondetection) {
 		aabb3f box = m_collisionbox;
 		v3f p_pos = m_pos * BS;
 		v3f p_velocity = m_velocity * BS;
 		collisionMoveResult r = collisionMoveSimple(m_env, m_gamedef, BS * 0.5f,
 			box, 0.0f, dtime, &p_pos, &p_velocity, m_acceleration * BS, nullptr,
-			m_object_collision);
+			m_p.object_collision);
 
-		f32 bounciness = m_bounce.pickWithin();
+		f32 bounciness = m_p.bounce.pickWithin();
-		if (r.collides && (m_collision_removal || bounciness > 0)) {
+		if (r.collides && (m_p.collision_removal || bounciness > 0)) {
-			if (m_collision_removal) {
+			if (m_p.collision_removal) {
 				// force expiration of the particle
 				m_expiration = -1.0f;
 			} else if (bounciness > 0) {
@@ -226,10 +211,10 @@ void Particle::step(float dtime)
 		m_velocity += m_acceleration * dtime;
 	}
 
-	if (m_animation.type != TAT_NONE) {
+	if (m_p.animation.type != TAT_NONE) {
 		m_animation_time += dtime;
 		int frame_length_i, frame_count;
-		m_animation.determineParams(
+		m_p.animation.determineParams(
 				m_material.getTexture(0)->getSize(),
 				&frame_count, &frame_length_i, NULL);
 		float frame_length = frame_length_i / 1000.0;
@@ -273,7 +258,7 @@ void Particle::updateLight()
 	else
 		light = blend_light(m_env->getDayNightRatio(), LIGHT_SUN, 0);
 
-	u8 m_light = decode_light(light + m_glow);
+	u8 m_light = decode_light(light + m_p.glow);
 	m_color.set(m_alpha*255,
 		m_light * m_base_color.getRed() / 255,
 		m_light * m_base_color.getGreen() / 255,
@@ -290,12 +275,12 @@ void Particle::updateVertices()
 	else
 		scale = v2f(1.f, 1.f);
 
-	if (m_animation.type != TAT_NONE) {
+	if (m_p.animation.type != TAT_NONE) {
 		const v2u32 texsize = m_material.getTexture(0)->getSize();
 		v2f texcoord, framesize_f;
 		v2u32 framesize;
-		texcoord = m_animation.getTextureCoords(texsize, m_animation_frame);
+		texcoord = m_p.animation.getTextureCoords(texsize, m_animation_frame);
-		m_animation.determineParams(texsize, NULL, NULL, &framesize);
+		m_p.animation.determineParams(texsize, NULL, NULL, &framesize);
 		framesize_f = v2f(framesize.X / (float) texsize.X, framesize.Y / (float) texsize.Y);
 
 		tx0 = m_texpos.X + texcoord.X;
@@ -309,7 +294,7 @@ void Particle::updateVertices()
 		ty1 = m_texpos.Y + m_texsize.Y;
 	}
 
-	auto half = m_size * .5f,
+	auto half = m_p.size * .5f,
 	     hx   = half * scale.X,
 	     hy   = half * scale.Y;
 	m_vertices[0] = video::S3DVertex(-hx, -hy,
@@ -328,7 +313,7 @@ void Particle::updateVertices()
 	m_box.reset(v3f());
 
 	for (video::S3DVertex &vertex : m_vertices) {
-		if (m_vertical) {
+		if (m_p.vertical) {
 			v3f ppos = m_player->getPosition()/BS;
 			vertex.Pos.rotateXZBy(std::atan2(ppos.Z - m_pos.Z, ppos.X - m_pos.X) /
 				core::DEGTORAD + 90);
@@ -347,23 +332,20 @@ void Particle::updateVertices()
 ParticleSpawner::ParticleSpawner(
 		IGameDef *gamedef,
 		LocalPlayer *player,
-	const ParticleSpawnerParameters &p,
+		const ParticleSpawnerParameters &params,
 		u16 attached_id,
-	std::unique_ptr<ClientTexture[]>& texpool,
+		std::vector<ClientParticleTexture> &&texpool,
-	size_t texcount,
 		ParticleManager *p_manager
 	) :
-	m_particlemanager(p_manager), p(p)
+		m_active(0),
+		m_particlemanager(p_manager),
+		m_time(0.0f),
+		m_gamedef(gamedef),
+		m_player(player),
+		p(params),
+		m_texpool(std::move(texpool)),
+		m_attached_id(attached_id)
 {
-	m_gamedef = gamedef;
-	m_player = player;
-	m_attached_id = attached_id;
-	m_texpool = std::move(texpool);
-	m_texcount = texcount;
-	m_time = 0;
-	m_active = 0;
-	m_dying = false;
-
 	m_spawntimes.reserve(p.amount + 1);
 	for (u16 i = 0; i <= p.amount; i++) {
 		float spawntime = myrand_float() * p.time;
@@ -538,7 +520,7 @@ void ParticleSpawner::spawnParticle(ClientEnvironment *env, float radius,
 
 	p.copyCommon(pp);
 
-	ClientTexRef texture;
+	ClientParticleTexRef texture;
 	v2f texpos, texsize;
 	video::SColor color(0xFFFFFFFF);
 
@@ -549,9 +531,10 @@ void ParticleSpawner::spawnParticle(ClientEnvironment *env, float radius,
 				texpos, texsize, &color, p.node_tile))
 			return;
 	} else {
-		if (m_texcount == 0)
+		if (m_texpool.size() == 0)
 			return;
-		texture = decltype(texture)(m_texpool[m_texcount == 1 ? 0 : myrand_range(0,m_texcount-1)]);
+		texture = ClientParticleTexRef(m_texpool[m_texpool.size() == 1 ? 0
+				: myrand_range(0, m_texpool.size()-1)]);
 		texpos = v2f(0.0f, 0.0f);
 		texsize = v2f(1.0f, 1.0f);
 		if (texture.tex->animated)
@@ -581,7 +564,7 @@ void ParticleSpawner::spawnParticle(ClientEnvironment *env, float radius,
 		pp.size = r_size.pickWithin();
 
 	++m_active;
-	auto pa = new Particle(
+	m_particlemanager->addParticle(std::make_unique<Particle>(
 			m_gamedef,
 			m_player,
 			env,
@@ -589,10 +572,9 @@ void ParticleSpawner::spawnParticle(ClientEnvironment *env, float radius,
 			texture,
 			texpos,
 			texsize,
-		color
+			color,
-	);
+			this
-	pa->m_parent = this;
+		));
-	m_particlemanager->addParticle(pa);
 }
 
 void ParticleSpawner::step(float dtime, ClientEnvironment *env)
@@ -664,19 +646,28 @@ void ParticleManager::step(float dtime)
 void ParticleManager::stepSpawners(float dtime)
 {
 	MutexAutoLock lock(m_spawner_list_lock);
-	for (auto i = m_particle_spawners.begin(); i != m_particle_spawners.end();) {
+
-		if (i->second->getExpired()) {
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < m_dying_particle_spawners.size();) {
 		// the particlespawner owns the textures, so we need to make
 		// sure there are no active particles before we free it
-			if (i->second->m_active == 0) {
+		if (!m_dying_particle_spawners[i]->hasActive()) {
-				delete i->second;
+			m_dying_particle_spawners[i] = std::move(m_dying_particle_spawners.back());
-				m_particle_spawners.erase(i++);
+			m_dying_particle_spawners.pop_back();
 		} else {
 			++i;
 		}
+	}
+
+	for (auto it = m_particle_spawners.begin(); it != m_particle_spawners.end();) {
+		auto &ps = it->second;
+		if (ps->getExpired()) {
+			// same as above
+			if (ps->hasActive())
+				m_dying_particle_spawners.push_back(std::move(ps));
+			it = m_particle_spawners.erase(it);
 		} else {
-			i->second->step(dtime, m_env);
+			ps->step(dtime, m_env);
-			++i;
+			++it;
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -684,17 +675,22 @@ void ParticleManager::stepSpawners(float dtime)
 void ParticleManager::stepParticles(float dtime)
 {
 	MutexAutoLock lock(m_particle_list_lock);
-	for (auto i = m_particles.begin(); i != m_particles.end();) {
+
-		if ((*i)->get_expired()) {
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < m_particles.size();) {
-			if ((*i)->m_parent) {
+		Particle &p = *m_particles[i];
-				assert((*i)->m_parent->m_active != 0);
+		if (p.isExpired()) {
-				--(*i)->m_parent->m_active;
+			ParticleSpawner *parent = p.getParent();
+			if (parent) {
+				assert(parent->hasActive());
+				parent->decrActive();
 			}
-			(*i)->remove();
+			// remove scene node
-			delete *i;
+			p.remove();
-			i = m_particles.erase(i);
+			// delete
+			m_particles[i] = std::move(m_particles.back());
+			m_particles.pop_back();
 		} else {
-			(*i)->step(dtime);
+			p.step(dtime);
 			++i;
 		}
 	}
@@ -704,17 +700,19 @@ void ParticleManager::clearAll()
 {
 	MutexAutoLock lock(m_spawner_list_lock);
 	MutexAutoLock lock2(m_particle_list_lock);
-	for (auto i = m_particle_spawners.begin(); i != m_particle_spawners.end();) {
-		delete i->second;
-		m_particle_spawners.erase(i++);
-	}
 
-	for(auto i = m_particles.begin(); i != m_particles.end();)
+	// clear particle spawners
-	{
+	m_particle_spawners.clear();
-		(*i)->remove();
+	m_dying_particle_spawners.clear();
-		delete *i;
+
-		i = m_particles.erase(i);
+	// clear particles
+	for (std::unique_ptr<Particle> &p : m_particles) {
+		// remove scene node
+		p->remove();
+		// delete
+		p.reset();
 	}
+	m_particles.clear();
 }
 
 void ParticleManager::handleParticleEvent(ClientEvent *event, Client *client,
@@ -732,31 +730,27 @@ void ParticleManager::handleParticleEvent(ClientEvent *event, Client *client,
 			const ParticleSpawnerParameters &p = *event->add_particlespawner.p;
 
 			// texture pool
-			std::unique_ptr<ClientTexture[]> texpool = nullptr;
+			std::vector<ClientParticleTexture> texpool;
-			size_t txpsz = 0;
 			if (!p.texpool.empty()) {
-				txpsz = p.texpool.size();
+				size_t txpsz = p.texpool.size();
-				texpool = decltype(texpool)(new ClientTexture [txpsz]);
+				texpool.reserve(txpsz);
-
 				for (size_t i = 0; i < txpsz; ++i) {
-					texpool[i] = ClientTexture(p.texpool[i], client->tsrc());
+					texpool.emplace_back(p.texpool[i], client->tsrc());
 				}
 			} else {
 				// no texpool in use, use fallback texture
-				txpsz = 1;
+				texpool.emplace_back(p.texture, client->tsrc());
-				texpool = decltype(texpool)(new ClientTexture[1] {
-					ClientTexture(p.texture, client->tsrc())
-				});
 			}
 
-			auto toadd = new ParticleSpawner(client, player,
+			addParticleSpawner(event->add_particlespawner.id,
+					std::make_unique<ParticleSpawner>(
+						client,
+						player,
 						p,
 						event->add_particlespawner.attached_id,
-					texpool,
+						std::move(texpool),
-					txpsz,
+						this)
-					this);
+					);
-
-			addParticleSpawner(event->add_particlespawner.id, toadd);
 
 			delete event->add_particlespawner.p;
 			break;
@@ -764,7 +758,8 @@ void ParticleManager::handleParticleEvent(ClientEvent *event, Client *client,
 		case CE_SPAWN_PARTICLE: {
 			ParticleParameters &p = *event->spawn_particle;
 
-			ClientTexRef texture;
+			ClientParticleTexRef texture;
+			std::unique_ptr<ClientParticleTexture> texstore;
 			v2f texpos, texsize;
 			video::SColor color(0xFFFFFFFF);
 
@@ -778,9 +773,9 @@ void ParticleManager::handleParticleEvent(ClientEvent *event, Client *client,
 				/* with no particlespawner to own the texture, we need
 				 * to save it on the heap. it will be freed when the
 				 * particle is destroyed */
-				auto texstore = new ClientTexture(p.texture, client->tsrc());
+				texstore = std::make_unique<ClientParticleTexture>(p.texture, client->tsrc());
 
-				texture = ClientTexRef(*texstore);
+				texture = ClientParticleTexRef(*texstore);
 				texpos = v2f(0.0f, 0.0f);
 				texsize = v2f(1.0f, 1.0f);
 			}
@@ -790,10 +785,9 @@ void ParticleManager::handleParticleEvent(ClientEvent *event, Client *client,
 				p.size = oldsize;
 
 			if (texture.ref) {
-				Particle *toadd = new Particle(client, player, m_env,
+				addParticle(std::make_unique<Particle>(client, player, m_env,
-						p, texture, texpos, texsize, color);
+						p, texture, texpos, texsize, color, nullptr,
-
+						std::move(texstore)));
-				addParticle(toadd);
 			}
 
 			delete event->spawn_particle;
@@ -890,43 +884,53 @@ void ParticleManager::addNodeParticle(IGameDef *gamedef,
 		(f32)pos.Z + myrand_range(0.f, .5f) - .25f
 	);
 
-	Particle *toadd = new Particle(
+	addParticle(std::make_unique<Particle>(
 		gamedef,
 		player,
 		m_env,
 		p,
-		ClientTexRef(ref),
+		ClientParticleTexRef(ref),
 		texpos,
 		texsize,
-		color);
+		color));
-
-	addParticle(toadd);
 }
 
 void ParticleManager::reserveParticleSpace(size_t max_estimate)
 {
 	MutexAutoLock lock(m_particle_list_lock);
+
 	m_particles.reserve(m_particles.size() + max_estimate);
 }
 
-void ParticleManager::addParticle(Particle *toadd)
+void ParticleManager::addParticle(std::unique_ptr<Particle> toadd)
 {
 	MutexAutoLock lock(m_particle_list_lock);
-	m_particles.push_back(toadd);
+
+	m_particles.push_back(std::move(toadd));
 }
 
 
-void ParticleManager::addParticleSpawner(u64 id, ParticleSpawner *toadd)
+void ParticleManager::addParticleSpawner(u64 id, std::unique_ptr<ParticleSpawner> toadd)
 {
 	MutexAutoLock lock(m_spawner_list_lock);
-	m_particle_spawners[id] = toadd;
+
+	auto &slot = m_particle_spawners[id];
+	if (slot) {
+		// do not kill spawners here. children are still alive
+		errorstream << "ParticleManager: Failed to add spawner with id " << id
+				<< ". Id already in use." << std::endl;
+		return;
+	}
+	slot = std::move(toadd);
 }
 
 void ParticleManager::deleteParticleSpawner(u64 id)
 {
 	MutexAutoLock lock(m_spawner_list_lock);
+
 	auto it = m_particle_spawners.find(id);
 	if (it != m_particle_spawners.end()) {
-		it->second->setDying();
+		m_dying_particle_spawners.push_back(std::move(it->second));
+		m_particle_spawners.erase(it);
 	}
 }

src/client/particles.h

@@ -31,33 +31,34 @@ class ClientEnvironment;
 struct MapNode;
 struct ContentFeatures;
 
-struct ClientTexture
+struct ClientParticleTexture
 {
 	/* per-spawner structure used to store the ParticleTexture structs
-	 * that spawned particles will refer to through ClientTexRef */
+	 * that spawned particles will refer to through ClientParticleTexRef */
 	ParticleTexture tex;
 	video::ITexture *ref = nullptr;
 
-	ClientTexture() = default;
+	ClientParticleTexture() = default;
-	ClientTexture(const ServerParticleTexture& p, ITextureSource *t):
+	ClientParticleTexture(const ServerParticleTexture& p, ITextureSource *t):
 			tex(p),
 			ref(t->getTextureForMesh(p.string)) {};
 };
 
-struct ClientTexRef
+struct ClientParticleTexRef
 {
 	/* per-particle structure used to avoid massively duplicating the
 	 * fairly large ParticleTexture struct */
 	ParticleTexture *tex = nullptr;
 	video::ITexture *ref = nullptr;
-	ClientTexRef() = default;
+
+	ClientParticleTexRef() = default;
 
 	/* constructor used by particles spawned from a spawner */
-	ClientTexRef(ClientTexture& t):
+	explicit ClientParticleTexRef(ClientParticleTexture &t):
 			tex(&t.tex), ref(t.ref) {};
 
 	/* constructor used for node particles */
-	ClientTexRef(decltype(ref) tp): ref(tp) {};
+	explicit ClientParticleTexRef(video::ITexture *tp): ref(tp) {};
 };
 
 class ParticleSpawner;
@@ -70,12 +71,13 @@ public:
 		LocalPlayer *player,
 		ClientEnvironment *env,
 		const ParticleParameters &p,
-		const ClientTexRef &texture,
+		const ClientParticleTexRef &texture,
 		v2f texpos,
 		v2f texsize,
-		video::SColor color
+		video::SColor color,
+		ParticleSpawner *parent = nullptr,
+		std::unique_ptr<ClientParticleTexture> owned_texture = nullptr
 	);
-	~Particle();
 
 	virtual const aabb3f &getBoundingBox() const
 	{
@@ -97,10 +99,10 @@ public:
 
 	void step(float dtime);
 
-	bool get_expired ()
+	bool isExpired ()
 	{ return m_expiration < m_time; }
 
-	ParticleSpawner *m_parent;
+	ParticleSpawner *getParent() { return m_parent; }
 
 private:
 	void updateLight();
@@ -115,33 +117,27 @@ private:
 	IGameDef *m_gamedef;
 	aabb3f m_box;
 	aabb3f m_collisionbox;
-	ClientTexRef m_texture;
+	ClientParticleTexRef m_texture;
 	video::SMaterial m_material;
 	v2f m_texpos;
 	v2f m_texsize;
 	v3f m_pos;
 	v3f m_velocity;
 	v3f m_acceleration;
-	v3f m_drag;
+	const ParticleParameters m_p;
-	ParticleParamTypes::v3fRange m_jitter;
-	ParticleParamTypes::f32Range m_bounce;
 	LocalPlayer *m_player;
-	float m_size;
 
 	//! Color without lighting
 	video::SColor m_base_color;
 	//! Final rendered color
 	video::SColor m_color;
-	bool m_collisiondetection;
-	bool m_collision_removal;
-	bool m_object_collision;
-	bool m_vertical;
-	v3s16 m_camera_offset;
-	struct TileAnimationParams m_animation;
 	float m_animation_time = 0.0f;
 	int m_animation_frame = 0;
-	u8 m_glow;
 	float m_alpha = 0.0f;
+
+	ParticleSpawner *m_parent = nullptr;
+	// Used if not spawned from a particlespawner
+	std::unique_ptr<ClientParticleTexture> m_owned_texture;
 };
 
 class ParticleSpawner
@@ -149,31 +145,30 @@ class ParticleSpawner
 public:
 	ParticleSpawner(IGameDef *gamedef,
 		LocalPlayer *player,
-		const ParticleSpawnerParameters &p,
+		const ParticleSpawnerParameters &params,
 		u16 attached_id,
-		std::unique_ptr<ClientTexture[]> &texpool,
+		std::vector<ClientParticleTexture> &&texpool,
-		size_t texcount,
 		ParticleManager *p_manager);
 
 	void step(float dtime, ClientEnvironment *env);
 
-	size_t m_active;
-
 	bool getExpired() const
-	{ return m_dying || (p.amount <= 0 && p.time != 0); }
+	{ return p.amount <= 0 && p.time != 0; }
-	void setDying() { m_dying = true; }
+
+	bool hasActive() const { return m_active != 0; }
+	void decrActive() { m_active -= 1; }
 
 private:
 	void spawnParticle(ClientEnvironment *env, float radius,
 		const core::matrix4 *attached_absolute_pos_rot_matrix);
 
+	size_t m_active;
 	ParticleManager *m_particlemanager;
 	float m_time;
-	bool m_dying;
 	IGameDef *m_gamedef;
 	LocalPlayer *m_player;
 	ParticleSpawnerParameters p;
-	std::unique_ptr<ClientTexture[]> m_texpool;
+	std::vector<ClientParticleTexture> m_texpool;
 	size_t m_texcount;
 	std::vector<float> m_spawntimes;
 	u16 m_attached_id;
@@ -187,6 +182,7 @@ class ParticleManager
 friend class ParticleSpawner;
 public:
 	ParticleManager(ClientEnvironment* env);
+	DISABLE_CLASS_COPY(ParticleManager)
 	~ParticleManager();
 
 	void step (float dtime);
@@ -219,10 +215,10 @@ protected:
 		ParticleParameters &p, video::ITexture **texture, v2f &texpos,
 		v2f &texsize, video::SColor *color, u8 tilenum = 0);
 
-	void addParticle(Particle* toadd);
+	void addParticle(std::unique_ptr<Particle> toadd);
 
 private:
-	void addParticleSpawner(u64 id, ParticleSpawner *toadd);
+	void addParticleSpawner(u64 id, std::unique_ptr<ParticleSpawner> toadd);
 	void deleteParticleSpawner(u64 id);
 
 	void stepParticles(float dtime);
@@ -230,8 +226,9 @@ private:
 
 	void clearAll();
 
-	std::vector<Particle*> m_particles;
+	std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Particle>> m_particles;
-	std::unordered_map<u64, ParticleSpawner*> m_particle_spawners;
+	std::unordered_map<u64, std::unique_ptr<ParticleSpawner>> m_particle_spawners;
+	std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ParticleSpawner>> m_dying_particle_spawners;
 	// Start the particle spawner ids generated from here after u32_max. lower values are
 	// for server sent spawners.
 	u64 m_next_particle_spawner_id = U32_MAX + 1;