698 lines
21 KiB
Python
698 lines
21 KiB
Python
#! python
|
|
#
|
|
# Base class and support functions used by various backends.
|
|
#
|
|
# This file is part of pySerial. https://github.com/pyserial/pyserial
|
|
# (C) 2001-2020 Chris Liechti <cliechti@gmx.net>
|
|
#
|
|
# SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
|
|
|
|
from __future__ import absolute_import
|
|
|
|
import io
|
|
import time
|
|
|
|
# ``memoryview`` was introduced in Python 2.7 and ``bytes(some_memoryview)``
|
|
# isn't returning the contents (very unfortunate). Therefore we need special
|
|
# cases and test for it. Ensure that there is a ``memoryview`` object for older
|
|
# Python versions. This is easier than making every test dependent on its
|
|
# existence.
|
|
try:
|
|
memoryview
|
|
except (NameError, AttributeError):
|
|
# implementation does not matter as we do not really use it.
|
|
# it just must not inherit from something else we might care for.
|
|
class memoryview(object): # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin,invalid-name
|
|
pass
|
|
|
|
try:
|
|
unicode
|
|
except (NameError, AttributeError):
|
|
unicode = str # for Python 3, pylint: disable=redefined-builtin,invalid-name
|
|
|
|
try:
|
|
basestring
|
|
except (NameError, AttributeError):
|
|
basestring = (str,) # for Python 3, pylint: disable=redefined-builtin,invalid-name
|
|
|
|
|
|
# "for byte in data" fails for python3 as it returns ints instead of bytes
|
|
def iterbytes(b):
|
|
"""Iterate over bytes, returning bytes instead of ints (python3)"""
|
|
if isinstance(b, memoryview):
|
|
b = b.tobytes()
|
|
i = 0
|
|
while True:
|
|
a = b[i:i + 1]
|
|
i += 1
|
|
if a:
|
|
yield a
|
|
else:
|
|
break
|
|
|
|
|
|
# all Python versions prior 3.x convert ``str([17])`` to '[17]' instead of '\x11'
|
|
# so a simple ``bytes(sequence)`` doesn't work for all versions
|
|
def to_bytes(seq):
|
|
"""convert a sequence to a bytes type"""
|
|
if isinstance(seq, bytes):
|
|
return seq
|
|
elif isinstance(seq, bytearray):
|
|
return bytes(seq)
|
|
elif isinstance(seq, memoryview):
|
|
return seq.tobytes()
|
|
elif isinstance(seq, unicode):
|
|
raise TypeError('unicode strings are not supported, please encode to bytes: {!r}'.format(seq))
|
|
else:
|
|
# handle list of integers and bytes (one or more items) for Python 2 and 3
|
|
return bytes(bytearray(seq))
|
|
|
|
|
|
# create control bytes
|
|
XON = to_bytes([17])
|
|
XOFF = to_bytes([19])
|
|
|
|
CR = to_bytes([13])
|
|
LF = to_bytes([10])
|
|
|
|
|
|
PARITY_NONE, PARITY_EVEN, PARITY_ODD, PARITY_MARK, PARITY_SPACE = 'N', 'E', 'O', 'M', 'S'
|
|
STOPBITS_ONE, STOPBITS_ONE_POINT_FIVE, STOPBITS_TWO = (1, 1.5, 2)
|
|
FIVEBITS, SIXBITS, SEVENBITS, EIGHTBITS = (5, 6, 7, 8)
|
|
|
|
PARITY_NAMES = {
|
|
PARITY_NONE: 'None',
|
|
PARITY_EVEN: 'Even',
|
|
PARITY_ODD: 'Odd',
|
|
PARITY_MARK: 'Mark',
|
|
PARITY_SPACE: 'Space',
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
class SerialException(IOError):
|
|
"""Base class for serial port related exceptions."""
|
|
|
|
|
|
class SerialTimeoutException(SerialException):
|
|
"""Write timeouts give an exception"""
|
|
|
|
|
|
class PortNotOpenError(SerialException):
|
|
"""Port is not open"""
|
|
def __init__(self):
|
|
super(PortNotOpenError, self).__init__('Attempting to use a port that is not open')
|
|
|
|
|
|
class Timeout(object):
|
|
"""\
|
|
Abstraction for timeout operations. Using time.monotonic() if available
|
|
or time.time() in all other cases.
|
|
|
|
The class can also be initialized with 0 or None, in order to support
|
|
non-blocking and fully blocking I/O operations. The attributes
|
|
is_non_blocking and is_infinite are set accordingly.
|
|
"""
|
|
if hasattr(time, 'monotonic'):
|
|
# Timeout implementation with time.monotonic(). This function is only
|
|
# supported by Python 3.3 and above. It returns a time in seconds
|
|
# (float) just as time.time(), but is not affected by system clock
|
|
# adjustments.
|
|
TIME = time.monotonic
|
|
else:
|
|
# Timeout implementation with time.time(). This is compatible with all
|
|
# Python versions but has issues if the clock is adjusted while the
|
|
# timeout is running.
|
|
TIME = time.time
|
|
|
|
def __init__(self, duration):
|
|
"""Initialize a timeout with given duration"""
|
|
self.is_infinite = (duration is None)
|
|
self.is_non_blocking = (duration == 0)
|
|
self.duration = duration
|
|
if duration is not None:
|
|
self.target_time = self.TIME() + duration
|
|
else:
|
|
self.target_time = None
|
|
|
|
def expired(self):
|
|
"""Return a boolean, telling if the timeout has expired"""
|
|
return self.target_time is not None and self.time_left() <= 0
|
|
|
|
def time_left(self):
|
|
"""Return how many seconds are left until the timeout expires"""
|
|
if self.is_non_blocking:
|
|
return 0
|
|
elif self.is_infinite:
|
|
return None
|
|
else:
|
|
delta = self.target_time - self.TIME()
|
|
if delta > self.duration:
|
|
# clock jumped, recalculate
|
|
self.target_time = self.TIME() + self.duration
|
|
return self.duration
|
|
else:
|
|
return max(0, delta)
|
|
|
|
def restart(self, duration):
|
|
"""\
|
|
Restart a timeout, only supported if a timeout was already set up
|
|
before.
|
|
"""
|
|
self.duration = duration
|
|
self.target_time = self.TIME() + duration
|
|
|
|
|
|
class SerialBase(io.RawIOBase):
|
|
"""\
|
|
Serial port base class. Provides __init__ function and properties to
|
|
get/set port settings.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
# default values, may be overridden in subclasses that do not support all values
|
|
BAUDRATES = (50, 75, 110, 134, 150, 200, 300, 600, 1200, 1800, 2400, 4800,
|
|
9600, 19200, 38400, 57600, 115200, 230400, 460800, 500000,
|
|
576000, 921600, 1000000, 1152000, 1500000, 2000000, 2500000,
|
|
3000000, 3500000, 4000000)
|
|
BYTESIZES = (FIVEBITS, SIXBITS, SEVENBITS, EIGHTBITS)
|
|
PARITIES = (PARITY_NONE, PARITY_EVEN, PARITY_ODD, PARITY_MARK, PARITY_SPACE)
|
|
STOPBITS = (STOPBITS_ONE, STOPBITS_ONE_POINT_FIVE, STOPBITS_TWO)
|
|
|
|
def __init__(self,
|
|
port=None,
|
|
baudrate=9600,
|
|
bytesize=EIGHTBITS,
|
|
parity=PARITY_NONE,
|
|
stopbits=STOPBITS_ONE,
|
|
timeout=None,
|
|
xonxoff=False,
|
|
rtscts=False,
|
|
write_timeout=None,
|
|
dsrdtr=False,
|
|
inter_byte_timeout=None,
|
|
exclusive=None,
|
|
**kwargs):
|
|
"""\
|
|
Initialize comm port object. If a "port" is given, then the port will be
|
|
opened immediately. Otherwise a Serial port object in closed state
|
|
is returned.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
self.is_open = False
|
|
self.portstr = None
|
|
self.name = None
|
|
# correct values are assigned below through properties
|
|
self._port = None
|
|
self._baudrate = None
|
|
self._bytesize = None
|
|
self._parity = None
|
|
self._stopbits = None
|
|
self._timeout = None
|
|
self._write_timeout = None
|
|
self._xonxoff = None
|
|
self._rtscts = None
|
|
self._dsrdtr = None
|
|
self._inter_byte_timeout = None
|
|
self._rs485_mode = None # disabled by default
|
|
self._rts_state = True
|
|
self._dtr_state = True
|
|
self._break_state = False
|
|
self._exclusive = None
|
|
|
|
# assign values using get/set methods using the properties feature
|
|
self.port = port
|
|
self.baudrate = baudrate
|
|
self.bytesize = bytesize
|
|
self.parity = parity
|
|
self.stopbits = stopbits
|
|
self.timeout = timeout
|
|
self.write_timeout = write_timeout
|
|
self.xonxoff = xonxoff
|
|
self.rtscts = rtscts
|
|
self.dsrdtr = dsrdtr
|
|
self.inter_byte_timeout = inter_byte_timeout
|
|
self.exclusive = exclusive
|
|
|
|
# watch for backward compatible kwargs
|
|
if 'writeTimeout' in kwargs:
|
|
self.write_timeout = kwargs.pop('writeTimeout')
|
|
if 'interCharTimeout' in kwargs:
|
|
self.inter_byte_timeout = kwargs.pop('interCharTimeout')
|
|
if kwargs:
|
|
raise ValueError('unexpected keyword arguments: {!r}'.format(kwargs))
|
|
|
|
if port is not None:
|
|
self.open()
|
|
|
|
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
|
|
|
|
# to be implemented by subclasses:
|
|
# def open(self):
|
|
# def close(self):
|
|
|
|
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
|
|
|
|
@property
|
|
def port(self):
|
|
"""\
|
|
Get the current port setting. The value that was passed on init or using
|
|
setPort() is passed back.
|
|
"""
|
|
return self._port
|
|
|
|
@port.setter
|
|
def port(self, port):
|
|
"""\
|
|
Change the port.
|
|
"""
|
|
if port is not None and not isinstance(port, basestring):
|
|
raise ValueError('"port" must be None or a string, not {}'.format(type(port)))
|
|
was_open = self.is_open
|
|
if was_open:
|
|
self.close()
|
|
self.portstr = port
|
|
self._port = port
|
|
self.name = self.portstr
|
|
if was_open:
|
|
self.open()
|
|
|
|
@property
|
|
def baudrate(self):
|
|
"""Get the current baud rate setting."""
|
|
return self._baudrate
|
|
|
|
@baudrate.setter
|
|
def baudrate(self, baudrate):
|
|
"""\
|
|
Change baud rate. It raises a ValueError if the port is open and the
|
|
baud rate is not possible. If the port is closed, then the value is
|
|
accepted and the exception is raised when the port is opened.
|
|
"""
|
|
try:
|
|
b = int(baudrate)
|
|
except TypeError:
|
|
raise ValueError("Not a valid baudrate: {!r}".format(baudrate))
|
|
else:
|
|
if b < 0:
|
|
raise ValueError("Not a valid baudrate: {!r}".format(baudrate))
|
|
self._baudrate = b
|
|
if self.is_open:
|
|
self._reconfigure_port()
|
|
|
|
@property
|
|
def bytesize(self):
|
|
"""Get the current byte size setting."""
|
|
return self._bytesize
|
|
|
|
@bytesize.setter
|
|
def bytesize(self, bytesize):
|
|
"""Change byte size."""
|
|
if bytesize not in self.BYTESIZES:
|
|
raise ValueError("Not a valid byte size: {!r}".format(bytesize))
|
|
self._bytesize = bytesize
|
|
if self.is_open:
|
|
self._reconfigure_port()
|
|
|
|
@property
|
|
def exclusive(self):
|
|
"""Get the current exclusive access setting."""
|
|
return self._exclusive
|
|
|
|
@exclusive.setter
|
|
def exclusive(self, exclusive):
|
|
"""Change the exclusive access setting."""
|
|
self._exclusive = exclusive
|
|
if self.is_open:
|
|
self._reconfigure_port()
|
|
|
|
@property
|
|
def parity(self):
|
|
"""Get the current parity setting."""
|
|
return self._parity
|
|
|
|
@parity.setter
|
|
def parity(self, parity):
|
|
"""Change parity setting."""
|
|
if parity not in self.PARITIES:
|
|
raise ValueError("Not a valid parity: {!r}".format(parity))
|
|
self._parity = parity
|
|
if self.is_open:
|
|
self._reconfigure_port()
|
|
|
|
@property
|
|
def stopbits(self):
|
|
"""Get the current stop bits setting."""
|
|
return self._stopbits
|
|
|
|
@stopbits.setter
|
|
def stopbits(self, stopbits):
|
|
"""Change stop bits size."""
|
|
if stopbits not in self.STOPBITS:
|
|
raise ValueError("Not a valid stop bit size: {!r}".format(stopbits))
|
|
self._stopbits = stopbits
|
|
if self.is_open:
|
|
self._reconfigure_port()
|
|
|
|
@property
|
|
def timeout(self):
|
|
"""Get the current timeout setting."""
|
|
return self._timeout
|
|
|
|
@timeout.setter
|
|
def timeout(self, timeout):
|
|
"""Change timeout setting."""
|
|
if timeout is not None:
|
|
try:
|
|
timeout + 1 # test if it's a number, will throw a TypeError if not...
|
|
except TypeError:
|
|
raise ValueError("Not a valid timeout: {!r}".format(timeout))
|
|
if timeout < 0:
|
|
raise ValueError("Not a valid timeout: {!r}".format(timeout))
|
|
self._timeout = timeout
|
|
if self.is_open:
|
|
self._reconfigure_port()
|
|
|
|
@property
|
|
def write_timeout(self):
|
|
"""Get the current timeout setting."""
|
|
return self._write_timeout
|
|
|
|
@write_timeout.setter
|
|
def write_timeout(self, timeout):
|
|
"""Change timeout setting."""
|
|
if timeout is not None:
|
|
if timeout < 0:
|
|
raise ValueError("Not a valid timeout: {!r}".format(timeout))
|
|
try:
|
|
timeout + 1 # test if it's a number, will throw a TypeError if not...
|
|
except TypeError:
|
|
raise ValueError("Not a valid timeout: {!r}".format(timeout))
|
|
|
|
self._write_timeout = timeout
|
|
if self.is_open:
|
|
self._reconfigure_port()
|
|
|
|
@property
|
|
def inter_byte_timeout(self):
|
|
"""Get the current inter-character timeout setting."""
|
|
return self._inter_byte_timeout
|
|
|
|
@inter_byte_timeout.setter
|
|
def inter_byte_timeout(self, ic_timeout):
|
|
"""Change inter-byte timeout setting."""
|
|
if ic_timeout is not None:
|
|
if ic_timeout < 0:
|
|
raise ValueError("Not a valid timeout: {!r}".format(ic_timeout))
|
|
try:
|
|
ic_timeout + 1 # test if it's a number, will throw a TypeError if not...
|
|
except TypeError:
|
|
raise ValueError("Not a valid timeout: {!r}".format(ic_timeout))
|
|
|
|
self._inter_byte_timeout = ic_timeout
|
|
if self.is_open:
|
|
self._reconfigure_port()
|
|
|
|
@property
|
|
def xonxoff(self):
|
|
"""Get the current XON/XOFF setting."""
|
|
return self._xonxoff
|
|
|
|
@xonxoff.setter
|
|
def xonxoff(self, xonxoff):
|
|
"""Change XON/XOFF setting."""
|
|
self._xonxoff = xonxoff
|
|
if self.is_open:
|
|
self._reconfigure_port()
|
|
|
|
@property
|
|
def rtscts(self):
|
|
"""Get the current RTS/CTS flow control setting."""
|
|
return self._rtscts
|
|
|
|
@rtscts.setter
|
|
def rtscts(self, rtscts):
|
|
"""Change RTS/CTS flow control setting."""
|
|
self._rtscts = rtscts
|
|
if self.is_open:
|
|
self._reconfigure_port()
|
|
|
|
@property
|
|
def dsrdtr(self):
|
|
"""Get the current DSR/DTR flow control setting."""
|
|
return self._dsrdtr
|
|
|
|
@dsrdtr.setter
|
|
def dsrdtr(self, dsrdtr=None):
|
|
"""Change DsrDtr flow control setting."""
|
|
if dsrdtr is None:
|
|
# if not set, keep backwards compatibility and follow rtscts setting
|
|
self._dsrdtr = self._rtscts
|
|
else:
|
|
# if defined independently, follow its value
|
|
self._dsrdtr = dsrdtr
|
|
if self.is_open:
|
|
self._reconfigure_port()
|
|
|
|
@property
|
|
def rts(self):
|
|
return self._rts_state
|
|
|
|
@rts.setter
|
|
def rts(self, value):
|
|
self._rts_state = value
|
|
if self.is_open:
|
|
self._update_rts_state()
|
|
|
|
@property
|
|
def dtr(self):
|
|
return self._dtr_state
|
|
|
|
@dtr.setter
|
|
def dtr(self, value):
|
|
self._dtr_state = value
|
|
if self.is_open:
|
|
self._update_dtr_state()
|
|
|
|
@property
|
|
def break_condition(self):
|
|
return self._break_state
|
|
|
|
@break_condition.setter
|
|
def break_condition(self, value):
|
|
self._break_state = value
|
|
if self.is_open:
|
|
self._update_break_state()
|
|
|
|
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
|
|
# functions useful for RS-485 adapters
|
|
|
|
@property
|
|
def rs485_mode(self):
|
|
"""\
|
|
Enable RS485 mode and apply new settings, set to None to disable.
|
|
See serial.rs485.RS485Settings for more info about the value.
|
|
"""
|
|
return self._rs485_mode
|
|
|
|
@rs485_mode.setter
|
|
def rs485_mode(self, rs485_settings):
|
|
self._rs485_mode = rs485_settings
|
|
if self.is_open:
|
|
self._reconfigure_port()
|
|
|
|
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
|
|
|
|
_SAVED_SETTINGS = ('baudrate', 'bytesize', 'parity', 'stopbits', 'xonxoff',
|
|
'dsrdtr', 'rtscts', 'timeout', 'write_timeout',
|
|
'inter_byte_timeout')
|
|
|
|
def get_settings(self):
|
|
"""\
|
|
Get current port settings as a dictionary. For use with
|
|
apply_settings().
|
|
"""
|
|
return dict([(key, getattr(self, '_' + key)) for key in self._SAVED_SETTINGS])
|
|
|
|
def apply_settings(self, d):
|
|
"""\
|
|
Apply stored settings from a dictionary returned from
|
|
get_settings(). It's allowed to delete keys from the dictionary. These
|
|
values will simply left unchanged.
|
|
"""
|
|
for key in self._SAVED_SETTINGS:
|
|
if key in d and d[key] != getattr(self, '_' + key): # check against internal "_" value
|
|
setattr(self, key, d[key]) # set non "_" value to use properties write function
|
|
|
|
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
|
|
|
|
def __repr__(self):
|
|
"""String representation of the current port settings and its state."""
|
|
return '{name}<id=0x{id:x}, open={p.is_open}>(port={p.portstr!r}, ' \
|
|
'baudrate={p.baudrate!r}, bytesize={p.bytesize!r}, parity={p.parity!r}, ' \
|
|
'stopbits={p.stopbits!r}, timeout={p.timeout!r}, xonxoff={p.xonxoff!r}, ' \
|
|
'rtscts={p.rtscts!r}, dsrdtr={p.dsrdtr!r})'.format(
|
|
name=self.__class__.__name__, id=id(self), p=self)
|
|
|
|
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
|
|
# compatibility with io library
|
|
# pylint: disable=invalid-name,missing-docstring
|
|
|
|
def readable(self):
|
|
return True
|
|
|
|
def writable(self):
|
|
return True
|
|
|
|
def seekable(self):
|
|
return False
|
|
|
|
def readinto(self, b):
|
|
data = self.read(len(b))
|
|
n = len(data)
|
|
try:
|
|
b[:n] = data
|
|
except TypeError as err:
|
|
import array
|
|
if not isinstance(b, array.array):
|
|
raise err
|
|
b[:n] = array.array('b', data)
|
|
return n
|
|
|
|
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
|
|
# context manager
|
|
|
|
def __enter__(self):
|
|
if self._port is not None and not self.is_open:
|
|
self.open()
|
|
return self
|
|
|
|
def __exit__(self, *args, **kwargs):
|
|
self.close()
|
|
|
|
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
|
|
|
|
def send_break(self, duration=0.25):
|
|
"""\
|
|
Send break condition. Timed, returns to idle state after given
|
|
duration.
|
|
"""
|
|
if not self.is_open:
|
|
raise PortNotOpenError()
|
|
self.break_condition = True
|
|
time.sleep(duration)
|
|
self.break_condition = False
|
|
|
|
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
|
|
# backwards compatibility / deprecated functions
|
|
|
|
def flushInput(self):
|
|
self.reset_input_buffer()
|
|
|
|
def flushOutput(self):
|
|
self.reset_output_buffer()
|
|
|
|
def inWaiting(self):
|
|
return self.in_waiting
|
|
|
|
def sendBreak(self, duration=0.25):
|
|
self.send_break(duration)
|
|
|
|
def setRTS(self, value=1):
|
|
self.rts = value
|
|
|
|
def setDTR(self, value=1):
|
|
self.dtr = value
|
|
|
|
def getCTS(self):
|
|
return self.cts
|
|
|
|
def getDSR(self):
|
|
return self.dsr
|
|
|
|
def getRI(self):
|
|
return self.ri
|
|
|
|
def getCD(self):
|
|
return self.cd
|
|
|
|
def setPort(self, port):
|
|
self.port = port
|
|
|
|
@property
|
|
def writeTimeout(self):
|
|
return self.write_timeout
|
|
|
|
@writeTimeout.setter
|
|
def writeTimeout(self, timeout):
|
|
self.write_timeout = timeout
|
|
|
|
@property
|
|
def interCharTimeout(self):
|
|
return self.inter_byte_timeout
|
|
|
|
@interCharTimeout.setter
|
|
def interCharTimeout(self, interCharTimeout):
|
|
self.inter_byte_timeout = interCharTimeout
|
|
|
|
def getSettingsDict(self):
|
|
return self.get_settings()
|
|
|
|
def applySettingsDict(self, d):
|
|
self.apply_settings(d)
|
|
|
|
def isOpen(self):
|
|
return self.is_open
|
|
|
|
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
|
|
# additional functionality
|
|
|
|
def read_all(self):
|
|
"""\
|
|
Read all bytes currently available in the buffer of the OS.
|
|
"""
|
|
return self.read(self.in_waiting)
|
|
|
|
def read_until(self, expected=LF, size=None):
|
|
"""\
|
|
Read until an expected sequence is found ('\n' by default), the size
|
|
is exceeded or until timeout occurs.
|
|
"""
|
|
lenterm = len(expected)
|
|
line = bytearray()
|
|
timeout = Timeout(self._timeout)
|
|
while True:
|
|
c = self.read(1)
|
|
if c:
|
|
line += c
|
|
if line[-lenterm:] == expected:
|
|
break
|
|
if size is not None and len(line) >= size:
|
|
break
|
|
else:
|
|
break
|
|
if timeout.expired():
|
|
break
|
|
return bytes(line)
|
|
|
|
def iread_until(self, *args, **kwargs):
|
|
"""\
|
|
Read lines, implemented as generator. It will raise StopIteration on
|
|
timeout (empty read).
|
|
"""
|
|
while True:
|
|
line = self.read_until(*args, **kwargs)
|
|
if not line:
|
|
break
|
|
yield line
|
|
|
|
|
|
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
|
|
if __name__ == '__main__':
|
|
import sys
|
|
s = SerialBase()
|
|
sys.stdout.write('port name: {}\n'.format(s.name))
|
|
sys.stdout.write('baud rates: {}\n'.format(s.BAUDRATES))
|
|
sys.stdout.write('byte sizes: {}\n'.format(s.BYTESIZES))
|
|
sys.stdout.write('parities: {}\n'.format(s.PARITIES))
|
|
sys.stdout.write('stop bits: {}\n'.format(s.STOPBITS))
|
|
sys.stdout.write('{}\n'.format(s))
|